\documentclass[10pt]{proc}
\usepackage{psfig}
\usepackage{url}
\begin{document}
\title{\LaTeX}
\author{T. Ford}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
In 1970s Donald E. Knuth of Stanford University wrote a typesetting system called \TeX\ ($\tau \epsilon \chi$). \TeX\ was unique in its ability to produce professionally typeset documents and books on a low powered computer. However, in order to use \TeX\ properly it was generally necessary to be Donald E. Knuth. Hence in the 1980s Leslie Lamport wrote a set of macros allowing mere mortals to utilise some of the power of \TeX. \LaTeX\ is now at version 2e and has been for many years.

\LaTeX\ takes quite a different approach to word processors such as Microsoft Word. One selects a class of document, for example a letter or report, adds the text and \LaTeX\ does the majority of the formatting on one's behalf.
\end{abstract}

\section{Basic formatting}
Single line feeds in paragraphs do
not appear in the
\LaTeX\ output.

This paragraph was, however, separated from the last with a blank line and is hence a new paragraph.

Line breaks may be forced with the \\ character.

\section{\LaTeX\ tabs}

\LaTeX\ tabs fall into two categories:

\begin{itemize}

\item{those which have \verb$\begin$ and \verb$\end$ delimiters.}\\
These are environments.
\item those which are a single tag.\\
These typically are macros defined by the environment.

\end{itemize}

Examples:

\begin{sc}
small caps
\end{sc} 

{\it italics}

{\tt type-writer text}

{\bf emboldened text}

\emph{some emphasized text}

\section{Sectioning}

This is a new section.

\subsection{Subsection title}

This is a subsection.

\subsubsection{Subsubsection title}

This is a subsubsection.

\subsection{Subsection 2}

\subsubsection*{Numberless subsubsection}

No number today.

\subsubsection*{Another numberless subsubsection}


\section{Mathematical Formulae}

In my experience the Physics department's recommended way of producing formulae (using \verb$\over$ a lot) is very difficult, I use the following.

Numbered formulae:

\begin{equation}
E = \frac{m_{0}c^{2}}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}
\end{equation}

Unnumbered formulae:

\[
\cos{2x} = 1 - 2 \sin^{2}{x}
\]

Subscript and Superscript:

\[
x = y^{2}
\]

Fractions:

\[
\frac{a}{b} = 12
\]

Square roots:

\[
\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}} = \sqrt{12}
\]

Units:

\[
p = 1.34 \pm 0.0018 \times 10^{-3} \ \Omega \, \mathrm{m}
\]

Partial differentials:

\[
\Big( \frac{\partial{H}}{\partial{T}} \Big)_{p} = C_{p}
\]

Use of Roman subscripts for non-variables and bold for vectors:

\[
B_{\mathrm{C}} = 0.0104 \pm 0.0001 \ \mathrm{T}
\]

\[
G = U - TS - \mathbf{B}.\mathbf{M}
\]

Expectation values and integrals, including Roman text (note extra spacing):

\[
\langle E \rangle = \int ^{\infty} _{0} { \Phi^{\ast} \mathrm{\widehat{H}} \Phi \ \mathrm{d} \tau} 
\]

Ultra pedantic multiple integrals

\[
\int\!\!\!\int _{D} g(x,y) \ \mathrm{d} x \ \mathrm{d} y
\]

Equation arrays
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha  & \gg  & \delta ^{\epsilon} \\
\beta \times \gamma  & \ll  & \chi
\end{eqnarray}

Non-obvious symbols

\begin{verbatim}
\!  -  reduce spacing
,   -  increase spacing slightly
\   -  increase spacing more
\end{verbatim}

Formulae can also be embedded directly $\langle E \rangle = \int ^{a} _{-b} r \mathrm{d}r$ into the text.

\section{Miscellaneous Formatting}

\LaTeX\

\begin{itemize}

\item is not \emph{Word}.
\item can look great.
\item is popular amongst the people who mark pracs.

\end{itemize}

but also

\begin{itemize}

\item can be annoyingly inconsistent.
\item is not whitespace independent (but, hey, nor is {\sc C++}).
\item is a right nightmare if you don't want one of the three standard documents.

\end{itemize}

\section{Pictures}

Embedding images, notably diagrams, into your documents is handled primarily by the {\sc psfig} package. This package can cope with standard {\sc Postscript} and embedded {\sc Postscript} files. The pictures appear in a logical position in your document.

\begin{figure}
{ \centering \psfig{file=tux.eps,width=3cm} }
\caption{A psfig picture \label{tux}}
\end{figure}

If, like me, you're scared of {\sc xfig} and like to do diagrams the old-fashioned way, make a {\sc Postscript} file containing a single white pixel and set width and height to the size of the gap you need to stick on your diagram.

\section{Cross References \label{cref}}

\LaTeX\ is very good at maintaining references to marked parts of your document. Normally this is used for pictures and equations:

The tux pic is Figure \ref{tux}.
The following equation is numbered \ref{cross}.

\begin{equation}
\mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{p} \label{cross}
\end{equation}

If you want to know about Cross References, refer to Section \ref{cref} on page \pageref{cref}.

You can also cite the bibliography:

\begin{quote}
``Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it.''\cite{knuth}
\end{quote}

\section{Tables}

\LaTeX\ tables use similar autopositioning to pictures.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
Temperature (K)	&	Resistance ($\Omega$)\\
\hline
4.231	&	$1.352 \times 10^{-4}$\\
4.098	&	$1.150 \times 10^{-4}$\\
3.996	&	$1.138 \times 10^{-4}$\\
3.920	&	$1.138 \times 10^{-4}$\\
3.850	&	$1.123 \times 10^{-4}$\\
3.792	&	$1.117 \times 10^{-4}$\\
3.729	&	$9.901 \times 10^{-5}$\\
3.695	&	$6.647 \times 10^{-5}$\\
3.640	&	$1.112 \times 10^{-5}$\\
3.594	&	$1.440 \times 10^{-6}$\\
3.532	&	$1.030 \times 10^{-6}$\\
3.452	&	$1.030 \times 10^{-6}$\\

\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Resistance of tin wire, superconductive transition\label{tctin}}
\end{table}

A tabular is a table nested directly into the document.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|r|r|}
\hline
Trees	&	Cats\\
\hline
1	&	2\\
2	&	6\\
\hline
\hline
3	&	8\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Note the use of the {\tt center} environment.

\section{Useful packages}

Much of the \LaTeX\ functionality is via add on packages.

\begin{itemize}

\item {\sc psfig}\\
Embedded PS and EPS pictures

\item {\sc url}\\
Useful for URLs (shock) and filepaths

\end{itemize}

\section{Kit}

To use \LaTeX\ you need the \LaTeX\ interpreter, a {\sc DVI} viewer and some means of getting output.

\begin{itemize}
\item {TeTeX}\\
The standard {\sc UNIX} distribution. Should come with your Linux distribution.

\begin{itemize}
	\item{latex - interpreter}\\
	Usage: {\tt latex filename.tex}
	\item{xdvi - dvi viewer}\\
	Usage: {\tt xdvi filename.dvi \&}
	\item{dvips - dvi$\rightarrow$ps converter}\\
	Usage: {\tt dvips -o filename.ps}
	\item{ps2pdf - ps$\rightarrow$pdf converter}\\
	Usage: {\tt ps2pdf filename.ps}
	\end{itemize}

\item {MikTeX}\\
The standard {\sc MSDOS}/{\sc Windows} distribution.

\url{ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/systems/win32/miktex/1.20/index.html}

The ``Level 1'' tools contain more than I've ever used!
\begin{itemize}
	\item{latex - interpreter}\\
	Usage: {\tt latex filename.tex}
	\item{yap - Yet Another Previewer (can also print)}\\
	Usage: {\tt yap filename.dvi}
	\item{dvips - dvi$\rightarrow$ps converter}\\
	Usage: {\tt dvips -o filename.ps}
	\end{itemize}

\end{itemize}

\section{Further information}

Standard \LaTeX\ distributions come with an overwhelming amount of
documentation so much, in fact, that it is frequently difficult to
know where to begin.

I recommend the following documents, the locations given are for my
{\sc RedHat 6.2}ish system:

\begin{itemize}

\item \url{/usr/share/texmf/doc/newhelpindex.html}\\
by Keith Refson from Earth Sciences, a decent index to the TeTeX documentation.

\item \url{/usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/general/lshort.dvi}\\
\url{http://wso.williams.edu/how/lshort2e/}\\
although it styles itself as a \LaTeX\ introduction, this always seemed to me to be more like a FAQ for stupidly complicated things. Invaluable if you're traumatised about the excessive space between your double integrals.

\item \url{/usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/latex2e-html/ltx-2.html}\\
\url{http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/latex/}\\
A good reference manual.

\item \url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html}\\
A \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ FAQ.

\item \url{http://xent.ics.uci.edu/FoRK-archive/feb98/0307.html}\\
A history of \LaTeX\ and \TeX.

\end{itemize}


\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{knuth}Donald E. Knuth, March 29 1977, {\it Notes on the van Emde Boas construction of priority deques: An instructive use of recursion}
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}
